14 Signs and Symptoms of Sepsis

You may think of infections as minor setbacks—something that home remedies or antibiotics can fix. But in some cases, a simple infection can spiral out of control, causing a life-threatening condition that progresses rapidly.

Sepsis occurs when an infection causes the immune system to negatively overreact, triggering widespread inflammation that can lead to organ damage and failure.

It can develop from secondary infections, as long-term disease complications, or common infections- pneumonia, urinary tract infections, or even a small wound.

Some people are at higher risk, including seniors, babies, those with chronic diseases, and those with weakened immune systems. This guide will help you identify 14 key symptoms of sepsis, understand how they progress, and know when to seek urgent medical care.

Early Symptoms Of Sepsis

Sepsis often begins with mild, nonspecific symptoms that make it difficult to recognize as these resemble typical viral infections like the common cold or flu. When not given medical attention, these symptoms can escalate quickly.

Body Temperature Changes

Your body temperature changes significantly in the early stages of sepsis. A high temperature above 101°F (38.3°C) is common, while some individuals develop a dangerously low body temperature below 96.8°F (36°C).

A fever can make your skin hot, flushed, and sweaty, while you may breathe faster. Hypothermia (low body temperature), however, can leave your skin cool or clammy, with pale or bluish hands, feet, or lips due to poor blood circulation.

Watch for sudden temperature changes that don’t respond to regular fever medications. This is especially important if you have a recent infection or wound that might be accompanied by other symptoms involving brain function.

Chills and Shivering

Chills and uncontrollable shivering are early warning signs of sepsis, which indicate that your body is struggling to regulate temperature. Chills create a sensation of coldness and often cause goosebumps, even in a warm environment.

Shivering can come in episodes, sometimes intense enough to make your teeth chatter as the body attempts to generate heat.

Rapid Heart Rate (Tachycardia)

Your heart rate can rise above 90 beats per minute when resting, even without physical exertion. This occurs because sepsis triggers an immune response that stresses your heart and blood vessels.

You might feel your heart racing or experience pounding in your chest that is hard to ignore, making you anxious and short of breath.

Due to the increased workload on the heart, some people also experience dizziness, lightheadedness, or mild chest discomfort, especially after movement.

Fast, Shallow Breathing (Tachypnea)

When organs and muscles don’t get enough oxygen, the body automatically tries to compensate by breathing faster, often exceeding 20 breaths per minute.

This type of inefficient rapid breathing can feel shallow and unfulfilling, even when you are at rest, signaling that oxygen is not properly delivered to your vital organs.

You might feel like you can’t get enough air or experience tightness in your chest, interrupting any activity you may be currently doing.

As your body exerts more effort to maintain oxygen levels, this breathing pattern can cause panic and a sensation of impending doom.

Severe Fatigue and Weakness

Severe fatigue from sepsis can develop suddenly and feel unlike normal tiredness. You might struggle with tasks like getting out of bed or walking to the bathroom.

Even small movements can leave you feeling exhausted and weak. Your muscles may feel weak, and you may experience an overall sense of being extremely unwell.

This extreme fatigue happens as sepsis triggers widespread inflammation, redirecting energy away from muscles as your body overreacts to fight an infection.

Severe Pain

As sepsis triggers inflammation, it can cause intense, sharp, or throbbing pain, often worse than typical body aches or flu-like symptoms.

The immune system activates chemical messengers to target the infection, but this overreaction can cause swelling and irritation in tissues, nerves, and joints.

The pain may be localized around an infection site or joints but can also feel widespread without a clear source.

Poor circulation caused by sepsis can also reduce oxygen flow to muscles and organs, leading to cramping, burning sensations, or intense soreness.

Some people describe the pain as sudden and unbearable without a clear source, creating distress and making it difficult to move or even rest comfortably.

Severe Symptoms

Severe sepsis occurs when infection-triggered inflammation progresses and impairs organ function. Without urgent treatment, multi-organ failure can develop rapidly, elevating the risk of septic shock and death.

Cold, Clammy, or Pale Skin

Advanced poor circulation may make your skin pale, mildly cold, and clammy as sepsis worsens. The body redirects blood flow away from the skin to protect vital organs, leaving your limbs colder than the rest.

You may notice that your hands and feet feel cool to the touch or appear unusually pale. Excessive sweating (Diaphoresis) can also occur, making the skin feel cold and damp despite fever.

Decreased Urine Output

A sudden decrease in urine output is a serious sign that sepsis is affecting kidney function and is starting to fail.

You might notice you’re urinating less frequently, with a volume of 400 ml per day or less despite regular fluid intake, when the normal is around 800-2000 ml.

You may notice fewer trips to the toilet, or your urine may appear darker than usual. Fluid buildup in the tissues can cause swelling (edema) in the lower legs, ankles, hands, or around the eyes.

Mental Confusion or Disorientation

Sepsis can slow blood flow and reduce oxygen supply to the brain, impacting its function and may lead to long-term brain damage.

This can cause sudden confusion and disorientation, making it difficult to remain conscious of your surroundings, recognize familiar people or places, or follow conversations.

Your speech may become slurred, and you might find it hard to think clearly, find the right words to say, or respond appropriately to questions.

People around you may notice that you aren’t making sense, unable to complete a phrase, reacting slowly, or appearing disconnected from your surroundings.

Difficulty Breathing

As sepsis progresses, breathing can become more difficult, even when you’re not active. You might struggle to take deep breaths, experience severe rapid and shallow breathing, or find it exhausting to speak continuously.

Some people describe it as feeling like they are breathing through a straw or that their lungs cannot expand fully.

This happens because sepsis can cause fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary edema), impairing respiratory function and leading to a dangerous drop in oxygen levels.

Low Blood Pressure

Your blood pressure drops dangerously low as sepsis progresses, further restricting blood and oxygen flow to organs. You may feel that the dizziness, lightheadedness, and weakness initially experienced have worsened when standing up or moving quickly.

An optimal blood pressure level is around 120/80 mmHg, but in sepsis, it can fall below 90/60 mmHg, a condition known as septic shock.

Your heart rate may increase to compensate for low blood pressure, and rapid breathing may occur as your body works to regulate the oxygen-carbon dioxide levels and supply oxygen to vital organs.

Signs of A Medical Emergency

Septic shock is a life-threatening condition where blood pressure drops dangerously low due to a severe infection. Immediate medical intervention is essential to prevent fatal complications.

Extreme Confusion and Unconsciousness

Extreme confusion or loss of consciousness can occur when septic shock severely affects brain function due to inadequate oxygen and nutrient supply from low blood pressure.

You may feel extremely drowsy or have trouble staying up, even when someone is trying to keep you awake.

Family members might notice you acting strangely or being unable to respond to simple questions. You could appear drunk or disoriented even though you are not intoxicated.

In severe cases, you might lose consciousness, a critical warning sign of a serious impairment to brain function that requires immediate emergency care.

Cold, Bluish, or Mottled Skin

Your skin will feel extremely cold and clammy, especially on your hands and feet. This happens because blood flow to your skin is severely decreased.

You might notice that your skin looks very pale to bluish or patchy, developing a mottled (blotchy) appearance. Lips and nail beds may turn blue or purple, indicating insufficient tissue oxygen delivery that requires immediate emergency medical care.

Weak or Undetectable Pulse

Your pulse might become very weak or hard to find as your heart struggles to pump blood effectively due to low blood pressure combined with the stress caused by sepsis.

Your body may try to compensate by making your heart beat faster, but even though you feel your heart racing, the pulse may still be weak or undetectable.

Medical staff may need to check stronger pulse points, such as the neck (carotid artery) or groin, or use advanced diagnostic equipment to detect blood flow.